Browsing by Subject "Broiler chicken"

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Bestimmung präcecaler Verdaulichkeitskoeffizienten für heimische Energie- und Proteinfuttermittel für die Bio-Hühnermast
(2016) Ritteser, Carolin; Grashorn, Michael
To improving the supply of slow growing broiler chicken in organic poultry production with essential amino acids the ileal digestibility (ID) of 15 organically cultivated feedstuffs was determined using a linear regression approach. The ID was determined for three and six week old chickens. The feedstuffs included common cereal species such as wheat, rye, spelt and summer barley, hull-less cereals such as naked barley and naked oats, forgotten cereals or pseudo-cereals such as brown top millet, pearl millet and buckwheat but also corn silage, strip waste of lentils, alfalfa leaves, and clover grass silage (extruded and untreated). The cultivars were added to a basal diet in 3 concentrations in exchange to corn starch. Therefore, the increase for crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) resulted from the cultivar only. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Each diet was fed ad libitum between day 15 and 21 d of age to 6 pens of 15 chickens or between day 36 and 42 d of age to 6 pens of 6 chickens, each. On day 21 and/or day 42 birds were killed by carbon dioxide, the chymus was collected and pooled for the 15 or 6 chickens per pen, respectively and analyzed on pen basis. Contents of crude protein, amino acids and titanium dioxide have been determined. The slope of the regression line between the amount of AA intake by feed and the amount of AA digested up to the ileum is considered to be the true ileal digestibility. The crude nutrient contents of the organically grown feedstuffs show different results in comparison to conventionally grown ones. The highest crude protein content was determined for lentils, followed by clover grass silage and dried alfalfa leaves. However, the alfalfa leaves also showed the highest content of crude fiber. Brown top millet, pearl millet, clover grass silage and alfalfa leaves contained the highest amount of methionine. The highest lysine contents were found for lentils, clover grass silage and alfalfa leaves. Values for digestibility of crude protein and amino acids varied strongly among the feedstuffs. Rye, spelt and the clover grass silages were digested only poorly by both, the three and the six week old broilers. This was probably caused by an increased content of antinutritional substances and crude fiber. Extrusion didn´t have any positive effect on the amino acids digestibility of the clover grass silage, it rather impaired digestibility. For buckwheat and clover grass silage the high contents of crude protein and amino acids were compensated by poor digestibility. Brown top millet, pearl millet, strip waste of lentils and especially alfalfa leaves turned out to be appropriate feedstuffs for an adequate protein and amino acids supply in broiler nutrition. Due to the high fiber content alfalfa leaves should be used carefully in the diet. Their high crude fiber content causes an increase in feed volume and this may result in a too low feed intake of broilers to fulfill their nutritional requirements. This again can cause growth disturbances. In general, digestibility values for the organically grown feedstuffs were found to be similar to the values of conventionally grown feedstuffs.
Evaluation of the availability of different mineral phosphorus sources in broilers
(2012) Shastak, Yauheni; Rodehutscord, Markus
Inorganic feed phosphates are an indispensable supplement for compounding poultry feed. The requirement of available P in broiler chicks cannot be covered only with plant ingredients as P in plant feedstuff is largely presented in form of phytate which is only partially available in avian species. Due to the increase in prices for feed phosphates and environmental concerns associated with excessive excretion of P by livestock, the knowledge about the availability of P from mineral sources has gained in importance during the last decade. However, there is still no standardized method available for assessing the P availability of inorganic feed phosphates. Without knowledge of the exact quantitative values of the P availability for different P sources, it is not possible to formulate adequate diets without the risk of deficiency or excess supplementation. There are various approaches which are used by different laboratories for the determination of P availability. The main problem is, however, that it is not clear how the differences between approaches affect the results. The development of a standardized method of P evaluation, which allows obtaining quantitative values for P availability, is the basis for optimizing the dietary P concentration in broiler diets. The major objective of this thesis was to compare various methodological approaches that are used internationally to determine P availability in terms of their suitability. Therefore, firstly the P availability of two mineral phosphates was determined in 3- and 5-wk-old broilers based on data for P retention and prececal digestibility. The P availability of both mineral sources was calculated for both ages of birds by regression analyses for comparison of both response criteria. Secondly, the tibia bone ash and other bone criteria were determined. A comparison of these bone response criteria was then carried out by relating these data to measurements made on P retention. Thirdly, the suitability of tibia P retention for the estimation of the whole body P retention was investigated at both ages of birds. Variation in P retention of birds in these studies was additionally caused by the level and the source of P in the diet. In a fourth study, the effect of the basal diet composition on the availability of a feed phosphate was investigated based on quantitative P retention. A phytin-containing corn-SBM-based as well as a purified basal diet was used. Moreover, the impact of the inorganic phosphate level on the IP6 hydrolysis of the corn-SBM-based diet was assessed on the basis of excreta collection. In the first study, a corn-SBM-based basal diet was used (0.35% P on dry matter basis). MSPa or DCPa was supplemented to increment the P concentration by 0.08%, 0.16%, and 0.24%. Two balance trials (n=8 birds per diet) and two digestibility trials (n=8 pens with 10 birds per diet) were conducted (8 treatments per diet). In 3-wk-old broilers, P retention for MSPa was 70% and significantly higher (P < 0.001) than for DCPa (29%), as calculated by linear regression analysis. Values determined for P pc digestibility at the same age were very similar (67% for MSPa and 30% for DCPa; P < 0.001). In 5-wk-old broilers, P retention was 63% (MSPa) and 29% (DCPa) (P < 0.001), and pc digestibility was 54% (MSPa) and 25% (DCPa) (P = 0.002). In conclusion, in 3-wk-old broilers results obtained with both approaches were the same. In 5-wk-old broilers, the ranking of the two P sources was the same for both approaches. Values differed not greatly between the two age periods. The second study was linked to the first one, and the experimental design was the same. The study comprised two periods with birds of different ages, but from the same hatch. The response criteria evaluated were tibia, tarsometatarsus, toe ash, and P, as well as the Quantitative Computed Tomography measurements of tibiae, blood Pi concentration, and body weight gain. Responses were evaluated and compared based on linear regression analysis. In general, MSPa had a greater slope than DCPa for all criteria studied. For the different bones, the ratio of slopes was very similar based on the amount of ash in both periods. Foot ash was proved to be as sensitive as tibia ash in both periods. Blood serum Pi and body weight gain were not sufficiently sensitive criteria for P evaluation. We concluded that the ranking of both mineral P sources based on bone criteria differed from the ranking that was based on P retention or pc digestibility. The third study was also linked to the first one. Thus, the experimental design was the same. On days 21 and 35, two chicks per treatment were randomly chosen. Contents of P and Ca were determined in tibiae-free bodies and tibiae. The whole body P to tibia P ratio was 21.3±1.3 at d 21 and 19.8±1.1 at d 35 of age. The slope of linear regressions between the tibia P and the whole body P for both ages was identical (17.7). Results indicated that changes in tibia P may be suitable to predict changes in whole body P retention. In the last experiment, a phytin-containing as well as a purified basal diet, both containing 1.8 g available P per kg feed dry matter, was supplemented with MSPa to increment the P concentration by 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15%. A retention trial with excreta collection from d 20-24 was conducted (n=7 birds per diet). The level of P did not significantly affect the total P retention either of the corn-SBM-based or of the purified basal diet (P > 0.05). However, increasing the P level significantly reduced (P = 0.015) the IP6 hydrolysis for the corn-SBM-based diets. Percentage P retention for MSPa was calculated by linear regression analysis. P retention for MSPa was 50% for the corn-SBM-based diet and 51% for the purified diet. We concluded that there was no difference in P retention from MSPa between corn-SBM-based and purified diets. It can be concluded from the results of the present thesis that both retention and pc digestibility can be used for evaluating mineral P sources in broilers based on a regression approach. The ranking of mineral P sources based on bone criteria differed from the ranking that was based on P retention or pc digestibility. There was no difference in P retention from MSPa between corn-SBM-based and purified based diets, but a significant effect of the P-level on the IP6 hydrolysis in corn-SBM-based basal diets was found.
High-throughput sequencing techniques to analyze microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens
(2018) Borda Molina, Daniel Enrique; Camarinha-Silva, Amélia
Broiler chicken represents an excellent case-study to elucidate the inter-communication between the host and its microbial communities. The general aim of this thesis was to describe the changes in bacterial community structure that occurred in chickens, in response to different experimental diets. An update of the state of the art of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota was done in chapter 2. The composition and functionality are described through the most recent technologies that provide taxonomic information at DNA level using 16S rRNA genes. Gene catalogs and their abundance are deciphered through shotgun metagenome sequencing, which is still at its infancy and only eight publications have been published so far. At the protein level, only two studies were found that contribute metaproteomic information. Thanks to these technologies many studies were able to focus on answering how feed supplementations altered the microbes in GIT sections. The second part presented in chapter 3 comprises an extensive investigation of the broiler chicken microbiota composition in digesta and mucosa of individual samples under varying supplementation of calcium, phosphorus, and phytase. The dietary impact on the distribution of the microbial communities was studied in the crop, ileum, and caecum through illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. One important outcome was the high variability in the microbial composition between individual samples. Significant differences were observed between the digesta and mucosa samples, supporting the hypothesis that being close to the host, mucosa-associated communities show a different composition. A calcium effect on the performance was observed, where values for body weight gain and feed conversion were lower in comparison to the other treatments. Microbial communities in the crop mucosa revealed a dietary effect, while in the digesta samples no significant changes were seen. Regarding the ileum mucosa, there was an effect of P addition on the microbial distribution. As expected, caeca-derived samples showed an increase in the diversity indexes when compared to the ileum and crop and butyrate producers were detected in higher abundance. A lower microbial diversity in the crop was linked to lower growth performance regarding the supplementation of Ca. Hence, each dietary treatment affected the microbial communities; nevertheless, none of the dietary treatments displayed a consistent effect across the studied gut sections. Additionally, the effects of supplementing different proteases and one phytase on the microbial community of the ileum of broiler chickens was assessed. Thus, the specific aim of chapter 4 was to determine how enzyme supplementation affects the microbiota composition in the ileum of broilers and whether these effects were related to differences in pre-caecal AA digestibility. Three different protease sources at a low and high level were included. The microbial taxonomy was assessed through 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing. Performance results revealed a significant increase in growth and feed efficiency in broilers fed with phytase only and the high dosage of protease C, in comparison to the control. Most of the AA showed a significant difference between the control diet and protease C at high dosage and phytase diets. Effects on microbiota composition were observed at the genus level for some protease and phytase supplementations. The genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and uncultured Clostridiaceae were responsible for these differences. This study demonstrates that effects of enzyme supplementation were evident in the terminal small intestine microbiota composition, and, to a lesser extent, in pc AA digestibility. However, the changes in microbiota composition and pc AA digestibility could not be correlated which may indicate the absence of a causal relationship. Finally, an outlook with metagenome sequencing is presented in chapter 5, to further characterize the result of feeding strategies. Metabolism information, essential to microbial activities registered 50% of abundant genes in the supplemented diets while being reduced to 40% in the control samples Phosphatases pathways and butyrate production increased in the supplemented diets while calcium signaling pathway was higher in the control. In conclusion, within this project a method of standardization to study the microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens was successfully established. The obtained results revealed a significant impact of both, enzyme and mineral supplementation in the individual sections of the GIT. Also, it was proved that even if the GIT works as an interconnected system, its compartmentalization creates different environmental conditions which influence the microbiota. This study provides insights into the responses of the bacteria and their functionality which were stimulated by the feed supplementations.
Investigations on factors influencing the response of broiler chickens to low crude protein diets with specific regard to nonessential amino acids
(2020) Hofmann, Philipp; Rodehutscord, Markus
Nitrogen (N) excretion caused by animal husbandry can have negative effects on the environment. Lowering dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations can reduce these negative impacts by lowering the N excretion of the animals. However, reduction of dietary CP concentrations for broiler chickens may be accompanied by reduced growth. This thesis focused on the effects of dietary CP reduction on growth of broiler chickens and influencing factors that need to be considered in low CP diets. The first study was carried out to investigate to what extent dietary CP concentrations can be reduced when dietary glycine equivalent (Glyequi) and essential amino acid (AA) concentrations are adequately supplied. Further, it was the aim to determine the response of broiler chickens to dietary Glyequi concentrations at varying CP levels. Ten male broiler chickens each were housed in 1 of 84 metabolism units. Diets with three CP levels of 16.3% (CP16.3), 14.7% (CP14.7), and 13.2% (CP13.2) each containing four Glyequi concentrations of 12, 15, 18, and 21 g/kg were used. Quantitative excreta collection was carried out from days 18–21. The reduction of dietary CP concentrations decreased average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) from days 7–21 and increased the nitrogen-utilization efficiency (NUE). Supplementation of Glyequi increased ADG and G:F at CP13.2. The ADG at CP14.7 and G:F at CP14.7 and CP16.3 increased up to 15 g Glyequi/kg. These results indicated that the minimum to which dietary CP concentrations can be reduced in broiler chickens up to three weeks of age is between 16.3 and 14.7% when dietary Glyequi and essential AA are adequately supplied. Further, these findings showed that the growth-response of broiler chickens to dietary Glyequi is influenced by dietary CP concentrations. The second study was conducted to determine whether supplementation of single nonessential AA (neAA) can diminish or overcome the growth-decreasing effect of a diet with reduced dietary CP and neAA concentrations. Further, the effect of non-protein nitrogen supplementation in a diet with insufficient neAA concentrations was investigated. Nine male broiler chickens each were kept in 1 of 81 metabolism units. Two diets with different neAA concentrations, except Glyequi, and adequate essential AA concentrations were mixed resulting in CP levels of 17.8% (CP17.8), and 15.6% (CP15.6). The dietary Glyequi concentration was 15 g/kg in each diet. Other diets were mixed by supplementing either L-Alanine, L-Proline, L-Aspartic acid, a mix of L-Aspartic acid and L-Asparagine·H2O, L-Glutamic acid, or a mix of L-Glutamic acid and L-Glutamine to CP15.6 to achieve the respective neAA concentration of CP17.8. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was added to CP15.6 to achieve the CP concentration of CP17.8. Excreta were collected quantitatively from days 18–21. Highest ADG and G:F from days 7–21 were found at CP17.8 and decreased at CP15.6. Supplementation of aspartic acid and asparagine (Asp+Asn), glutamic acid (Glu), and glutamic acid and glutamine (Glu+Gln) increased ADG and G:F to a similar extent, but not to the level of CP17.8. The NUE was highest at CP15.6, and CP15.6 supplemented with alanine, proline, and Glu. Lower NUE was observed at CP17.8 than at CP15.6 without and with neAA supplementation. Overall lowest ADG, G:F, and NUE were found upon NH4Cl supplementation. These findings showed that individual supplementation of Asp+Asn, Glu, and Glu+Gln could partly overcome the growth-reducing effect of very low CP diets. NH4Cl was found unsuitable to increase growth. The aim of the third study was to investigate interactive effects among dietary Glyequi, cysteine (Cys), and choline (Cho) on the growth of broiler chickens. Ten male broiler chickens each were housed in 105 metabolism units. Excretion of N was determined from days 18–21. Five levels each of dietary Glyequi, Cys, and Cho were tested in 15 dietary treatments. Another diet was provided to 15 birds each in another 5 metabolism units to measure prececal AA digestibility. The G:F from days 7–21 increased with digestible Glyequi intake. Differences between low- and high-digestible Cys intake were low. Hardly any effect of Cho intake on G:F was found compared to digestible intake of Glyequi and Cys. The NUE was very high with low variation among treatments. These results showed that the interactive effects among dietary Glyequi, Cys, and Cho on growth were slightly pronounced. This was likely an effect of high NUE and its low variation that caused the Glyequi requirement to be low. In conclusion, the lowest level to which dietary CP for broiler chickens up to three weeks of age can be reduced is between 16.3 and 14.7%. The growth-decreasing effect of a diet with reduced neAA concentrations can be slightly overcome upon supplementation of Asp+Asn, Glu, and Glu+Gln. Moreover, dietary CP concentrations and the related amounts of excreted N influenced the response of broiler chickens to dietary Glyequi.