Browsing by Subject "Fulani Zebu"

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Contribution of cattle breeds to household livelihoods and food security in southern Mali
(2017) Traoré, Sékou Amadou; Valle Zárate, Anne
In recent decades, there has been a rapid shift in livestock breeds used in developing countries. Local breeds are increasingly being replaced by exotic breeds, leading to a loss of genetic resources. The introduction of more productive but less adapted exotic livestock breeds might offer opportunities. However, it may also pose threats to the livelihoods of poor farmers. In southern Mali, where cattle play an important role in the livelihoods of rural households, the endemic trypanotolerant N’Dama cattle, are increasingly replaced and crossbred with the larger and more milk yielding trypano-susceptible Fulani Zebu. Thus, the N’Dama cattle face serious threats of genetic erosion, despite their adaptive attributes. A systematic comparison of the endemic N’Dama cattle, Fulani Zebu cattle and their crosses under the same farming conditions is required to reveal whether farmers benefit from the introduction of Fulani Zebu cattle or are negatively affected by the replacement of N’Dama purebreds. The overall objective of the study was, therefore, to evaluate and compare N’Dama cattle with Fulani Zebu and their crossbreds based on their performance and contribution to household economic benefits and food security, taking into account the production environment and farmer breeding strategies. Specific objectives were (i) to investigate the production objectives and trait and breed preferences of cattle keepers; (ii) to evaluate and compare the productive and economic performances of N’Dama cattle, Fulani Zebu cattle and their crossbreds in order to assess the comparative advantages of these breed groups for farmers; and (iii) to examine households’ food security and coping strategies, with a particular emphasis on the contribution of different cattle breeds. The study was carried out in the communes of Sibirila and Garalo, which are located in the Sikasso region of southern Mali. A stratified random sampling based on cattle and breed ownership was applied for the selection of 258 households. The 160 households with a herd were grouped into four herd categories based on breed composition. Forty-five households with only oxen and 53 without cattle represented two additional herd categories. Data collection methods encompassed household interviews, herd surveys and focus group discussions. The herd surveys were carried out for 120 households to assess individual cows’ (n=770) performances using a cow progeny history survey and body condition scoring (BCS). Food security was assessed using a household dietary diversity score (HDDS), food consumption score (FCS), and modified household food insecurity access scale (mHFIAS). Gross margin, net benefit and cost benefit ratio were calculated for the assessment of economic performance and efficiency. Besides descriptive statistics, data were analysed using an exploded logit model, mixed linear models and non-parametric tests using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Draught power and savings were the most important production objectives. Farmers reported a large body size as the most preferred trait, followed by fertility, draught ability and milk yield. N’Dama was valued for disease and drought tolerance and their good traction ability. Crossbreds were the favored breed group and were appreciated for milk yield and body size, similar to Fulani Zebu. Breed preferences were mainly explained by resistance to disease for N’Dama cattle and high market price for Fulani Zebu and crossbred cattle. Production objectives, trait and breed preferences were mainly influenced by farmers ethnicity and cultural background. Results on cow individual performances showed a higher body condition for N’Dama compared to crossbred and Fulani Zebu cattle. Gross margin and the benefit-cost ratio were highest in Fulani Zebu herds, followed by crossbred herds due to higher revenue generated from cattle and milk sale from these herds. The higher cash revenue for the sale of cattle in crossbred and Fulani Zebu herds was explained by the higher offtake rate in these two herd categories and a 25 and 60% higher selling price for crossbred and Fulani Zebu, respectively, than for N’Dama cattle. When non-market benefits were included, economic performances between the herd categories were similar as shown by the similar net benefit per cattle. Cattle ownership and breed group were important determinants of all household food security indicators. Households keeping Fulani Zebu and mixed herds had the highest FCS, which was mainly explained by their more frequent milk consumption compared to the other breed groups. HDDS and FCS were positively correlated with diversity of food crops cultivated on farm and household wealth and negatively correlated with cotton cultivation. Generally cattle herd ownership was strongly associated with improved household diet diversity and reduced vulnerability to food insecurity. The results of the present study showed that the ongoing replacement of native N’Dama cattle by Fulani Zebu cattle and their crosses is contributing to an improved household economic situation and food security. Fulani Zebu and crossbred cattle are the most suitable options for market-oriented local and settled transhumant farmers, given their higher price and increased profitability. The N’Dama cattle remain a valuable breed for subsistence-oriented local farmers for whom non-market benefits from cattle such as saving play a considerable role. Further research is required to investigate possible ways of optimizing and organizing the ongoing process of crossbreeding between the N’Dama and Fulani Zebu cattle, with a more systematic crossbreeding and selection program in line with the farmers’ interest.