Browsing by Subject "Geschlecht"

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Gender and equity in market-based environmental programs : case studies from Kenya
(2016) Kariuki, Juliet; Birner, Regina
Reconciling global environmental goals with local community needs has been the focus of conservation approaches for several decades now; however scant attention has been paid to the role of gendered – men’s and women’s - dynamics within these environmental contexts. Although well-intentioned, the tendency has been to direct practical attention to only women, which offers an inadequate account of the gender-differentiated access to, and control over natural resources. Against this background, the objective of this thesis is to analyse how formal and informal institutions interact with the design of market-based environmental programs to influence gender and equity outcomes. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), a new addition to the suite of environmental conservation approaches, are market-based instruments that include “Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation - plus - sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks” (REDD+). PES/REDD+ are considered promising tools that reward resource users financially or in-kind, on the condition that conservation of natural resources and/or a reduction in carbon emissions is achieved through the adoption of stipulated resource-use regulations. PES/REDD+ programs are therefore heralded for their ‘win-win’ potential to overcome the flaws of previous coercive state-led and community-based approaches. The case studies analyse four PES/REDD+ programs in Kenya, namely the Kitengela Wildlife Lease Program, the Mara North Conservancy, the Kasigau Corridor REDD+ Project and Imbirikani Group Ranch. The study sites host mainly pastoral and agro-pastoral communities and are adjacent to some of the most prominent protected areas in the country. The thesis concludes that more attention to the historical processes leading up to PES/REDD+ establishment is required if more equitable outcomes are to be achieved. Deliberate efforts by implementing agencies that consider the multi-dimensional nature of equity can play a crucial role in addressing distributional and procedural equity, especially in contexts where land is unevenly distributed. However, as secure land tenure is not the only determinant of equity outcomes, the study advocates for a nuanced understanding of gendered norms in an effort to contribute to selecting suitable gender strategies for PES/REDD+ programs. Ultimately, greater effort is also required to challenge prevailing—yet flawed—gender discourses if participation in, and benefits from PES/REDD+ are to become more gender balanced.
A gendered perspective on online privacy and self-disclosure
(2024) Frener, Regine; Trepte, Sabine
In research on online privacy and self-disclosure, gender is commonly included as a potentially predictive variable. The results are heterogeneous and sometimes controversial; explanations are often lacking or based on stereotypical assumptions. With this dissertation, I seek to provide a gender-focused perspective on online privacy and self-disclosure by taking a closer look at gender effects in privacy-related outcomes, studying the implementation of gender as a research variable, and investigating how gender is related to people’s inherent need for privacy. To this end, I present a short introduction in the first chapter, followed by four publications: a book chapter on privacy and gender (Study 1), a systematic literature review (Study 2), an empirical investigation of gender effects in privacy behavior (Study 3), and the development of the Need for Privacy Scale (NFP-S; Study 4). In Study 1, the book chapter, I summarize key theoretical advancements in gender and privacy research in line with the feminist movement. Further, empirical findings on gender disparities are presented from a communication science perspective. I discuss the ongoing gender-based digital divide as well as risks associated with automatic gender categorization. Lastly, I address the problems of conceptualizing gender as a binary, static variable, and propose alternative perspectives for more equitable treatment. In Study 2, my co-author Prof. Dr. Sabine Trepte and I examine how scholars in the field of online privacy incorporate gender into their research. For n = 107 articles reporting gender effects (or a lack thereof), we assess whether gender theory is included, to what extent it is referred to, and what function it serves. The results show that in most studies, gender is undertheorized, resulting in reduced explanatory power and the risk of gender essentialism. To meet the need for gender theorization in online privacy research we identified in Study 2, I present an empirical investigation of the social web gendered privacy model (Thelwall, 2011) in Study 3. The model aims to link gender differences in online privacy concerns, data protection behavior and online self-disclosure and explain them via gender differences in offline factors. Using longitudinal data (n = 1,043), I found partial support for the relationships between the privacy-related variables as well as for the transfer from offline to online contexts. The expected gender differences did not arise consistently, which challenges the model’s claim that women constitute an especially vulnerable population regarding social media usage. To offer added value for the broader field of privacy-related research, my co-authors Jana Dombrowski and Prof. Dr. Sabine Trepte and I present the Need for Privacy Scale (NFP-S) in Study 4. The NFP-S is a concise measure of the need for privacy as a personality trait, developed to be applied in any context. Against the theoretical backdrop of Burgoon’s (1982) privacy dimensions, we propose a second-order model with informational, psychological, and physical need for privacy as the first-order factors. In two large-scale surveys (Study 1: n1 = 3,278; n2 = 1,226; Study 2: N = 1,000), the scale was validated with regard to relevant personality traits, privacy-related cognitive criteria and behaviors as well as socio-demographic variables. With the goal of disentangling (biological) sex and gender, we include self-assessed femininity and masculinity. We find that congruity between participants’ perception of their femininity/masculinity and their sex is related to a higher need for privacy. In the overall discussion, I combine insights from the studies, provide ideas for future research, and offer societal and practical implications. Taken together, the four studies contribute to the field of online privacy by emphasizing the psychological perspective of gender as a socially constructed, multifaceted, and dynamic construct. Adopting this view is desirable for privacy researchers, as it helps to better understand privacy-related attitudes and decision-making, hence increasing overall validity. Furthermore, a differentiated understanding of gender is needed to prevent oversimplifications and stereotyping and to promote ethical and fair research.
Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Entstehung von alkoholbedingten Lebererkrankungen
(2010) Wagnerberger, Sabine; Bode, Christiane
Women are assumed to have a higher susceptibility to alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) than men. Gender-related differences in food preference were described in previous studies for several populations. As certain micronutrients are reported to take influence on the development of ALD in animal experiments, the hypothesis of the present retrospective cross-sectional study was that gender-dependent (micro-) nutrient intake in patients with ALD may cause the higher susceptibility of women to this disease. In 210 patients (male: 158, female: 52) with different stages of ALD (ALD1: mild stage of liver damage; ALD2: moderately severe changes of the liver with signs of hepatic inflammation; ALD3: severely impaired liver function) and in 336 controls (male: 208, female: 128), nutrient intake was determined by a computer-guided diet history and related to the severity of ALD in dependence on the sex of the patients. No significant differences between males and females with ALD were calculated for the intake (per kg body/day) of protein, carbohydrates, fat, and the intake (per kg body/day) of most micronutrients. In females with ALD, higher intake was found for vitamin C (ALD3), calcium (ALD2), iron (ALD1 and ALD2), and zinc (ALD1), but the consumption of none of these micronutrients seems to contribute to a higher susceptibility to ALD in females. In the present study, a higher activity of ?liver-specific? enzymes and a higher DeRitis quotient was measured in female patients with ALD despite equal or lower amounts of consumed alcohol. This may indicate a higher susceptibility to the development of ALD in women. However, the data of calculated daily macro- and micronutrient intake do not suggest any explicit influence of gender-specific nutrition in the development of ALD. In a chronic setting of alcohol intake, women and female rodents are more susceptible to alcohol-induced liver disease than men and male mice. Starting from this background, the purpose of the present study was to determine if female mice are also more susceptible to acute alcohol-induced steatosis than male mice and to investigate whether this is due to alterations in hepatic lipid export. Male and female C57/Bl6-mice received one single dose of ethanol (6 g/kg) or isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution (control) intragastrically. Hepatic triglycerides, lipid accumulation, mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and apolipoprotein (Apo) B, as well as MTP activity were measured 12, 24, and 48 h after alcohol intake. In both genders, acute alcohol ingestion markedly increased hepatic lipid and triglyceride levels; however, total lipid accumulation was ~2-fold higher and more persistent in livers of female than in male mice. Fourty-eight h after ethanol treatment hepatic triglyceride concentrations in male and female ethanol-treated mice were similar to those of controls. MTP activity was significantly increased only in male mice 12 h after ethanol ingestion; whereas expression of MTP mRNA was significantly reduced in female alcohol-treated animals compared to controls at this timepoint. Expression of ApoB was also reduced only in livers of female mice after 12 h; however, differences did not reach level of significance. The results of the present study suggest that the markedly more pronounced and more prolonged susceptibility to acute alcohol-induced liver steatosis of female mice results at least partly from a gender-specific regulation of hepatic lipid export. In our experiments, the selective estrogen recepor modulator (SERM) toremifen did not protect against alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. The liver plays an important role not only in the metabolism of ethanol but also in the immune system. Lymphatic NK cells are present at an unusually high frequency among liver-resident lymphocytes (30-50 %). By producing the pro-inflammatoric and anti-fibrotic cytokine IFN-g NK cells are involved in the development of liver diseases. Results of studies of our own working group indicate a decrease of IL-12-induced IFN-g production in NK-92 cells after treatment with ethanol for 6 h. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether male (testosterone) or female (estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH) sex hormones influence the ethanol-induced immunosuppression in NK-92 cells. Therefore, NK-92 cells were incubated with different sex hormones for 19 h and were subsequently treated with ethanol (1-3 ?) and sex hormones for 18 h. Concentrations of IFN-g were determined by ELISA. According to previous studies ethanol treatment resulted in a significant decrease of released IFN-g in comparison to NK-92 cells that were not incubated with ethanol. However, treatment with male and female sex hormones did not affect IFN-g release in NK-92 cells. The results of the present study suggest that solely ethanol treatment but not incubation with sex hormones has an immun modulating effect on NK-92 cells.
It's a man's world? The rise of female entrepreneurship during privatization in Serbia
(2020) Kufenko, Vadim; Ivanovic, Vladan
The relationship between female empowerment and economic development is one of the most complex examples of reverse causality, yet multiple scholars acknowledge that female empowerment promotes economic progress. One of the crucial aspects of female empowerment is female entrepreneurship; however, the literature on the emergence of female entrepreneurship is scarce. We focus on the rise of female entrepreneurship in Serbia and collect an extensive biographical dataset of women, who took part in privatization. Although women enjoyed the same de jure rights as men, they faced a number of informal restrictions such as i) patriarchal values, limiting the role of women in the society and ii) occupations in low-wage sectors, making it difficult to accumulate capital. Analyzing the determinants of failures of the newly privatized firms during 2002{2019 we find a significant negative relationship between the risks of failure and the cases of own independent entrepreneurial success of women prior to privatization as well as the cases, in which only the entrepreneurial success of husbands of these women was registered. This relationship is robust to controlling for diverse characteristics of firms and to inclusion of ownership duration. We also find that the presence of influential husbands in the background was not significantly related to the subsequent change of ownership. Although the ownership change was registered for the majority of firms in our sample, we find that during the Serbian privatization women managed to build up on their own entrepreneurial success, which contributed to female empowerment. These findings can be relevant for understanding the aftermath of privatizations with respect to gender inequality in other transition countries.
Small-scale irrigation and womens empowerment : lessons from an irrigation intervention in Northern Ghana
(2022) Basauri Bryan, Elizabeth; Zeller, Manfred
This dissertation uses a mixed-methods approach to explore issues related to women’s empowerment and small-scale irrigation from several different angles: conceptually, based on a literature review, qualitatively and quantitatively, based on a case study in Northern Ghana, and qualitatively, as part of a larger effort of development organizations to promote adaptation to climate change. The analysis relies on a conceptual framework that illustrates the linkages between small-scale irrigation and the domains of women’s empowerment as well as the broader opportunity structure shaping these relationships. It then uses qualitative and quantitative data from the case study area to identify what aspects of women’s empowerment are salient in this context and how the irrigation intervention influences outcomes for women. Finally, the dissertation draws lessons from a capacity needs assessment of development organizations to identify areas for strengthening the delivery of gender-sensitive programs. Thus, the main research questions addressed by this dissertation are: 1) What are the linkages between small-scale irrigation technologies/systems and dimensions of women’s empowerment? 2) What aspects of women’s empowerment emerge as the most salient in the context of Northern Ghana where small scale irrigation is practiced and modern technologies (motor pumps) are being introduced? 3) How does the introduction of small-scale irrigation technologies (specifically motor pumps) affect indicators of women’s empowerment? 4) What are the gender-related capacity needs of development organizations working to promote climate change adaptation (of which small-scale irrigation is an important practice)? The findings in this dissertation suggest that there are many factors to consider in the design and dissemination of small-scale irrigation technologies to ensure that these are equitably distributed and that both men and women have the opportunity to engage in and benefit from irrigation. These include gendered preferences for the type of irrigation technology or system, the underlying socio-political environment shaping the barriers that men and women face, and implementation approaches. Moving beyond simply reaching women (that is, counting their participation in program activities) to benefitting and empowering women (increasing their well-being outcomes and expanding their ability to make strategic life decisions) requires knowledge of the local context and dedicated attention toward ensuring that outcomes for women are achieved, even if this means expanding activities and opportunities outside of agriculture. Thus, greater efforts are also needed to build the capacity of implementing organizations to deliver gender-responsive programs. Creating platforms, like stakeholder consultation processes or dialogues, for setting goals and sharing information, approaches, and lessons learned is one way to build this capacity. Integrating gender-sensitive research tools into strategy development, project design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of implementing agencies would also support the development of more gender-responsive irrigation interventions and would contribute to fill remaining research gaps on the gendered implications of alternative agricultural technologies and practices. While this dissertation provides some evidence on the impacts of motor pumps for small-scale irrigation on women’s empowerment, this is only one of many types of irrigation technologies and approaches. More research is needed on the implications for women’s empowerment of alternative irrigation technologies, systems, and dissemination tactics, including group-based and service-based approaches.
The potential of smartphone apps to collect self-recorded data in agricultural households : a study on time-use in Zambia
(2019) Daum, Thomas; Birner, Regina
Mobile information and communication technologies (ICTs) have spread across the developing world and are used increasingly by smallholder farmers. While the potential of ICTs, such as smartphone applications, to provide new opportunities for agricultural development is widely acknowledged, the potential to use them as research tools has not been explored. This thesis assesses the potential of smartphone applications for the collection of data from agricultural households in developing countries. Can smartphone applications that use visual tools be used for self-recording of data by the respondents themselves where literacy levels are low? Can such smartphone applications that allow for real-time data recording increase the accuracy of the collected data? Answering these questions is important as, so far, data from agricultural households are usually collected using surveys, which are prone to recall biases. This is a problem, as researchers, policymakers and development practitioners need reliable data for their work. Poor data can lead to misguided policy recommendations and actions with adverse effects on vulnerable population groups. This can lead to agricultural development trajectories that are socially unequal and unsustainable. To assess the potential of smartphone apps to collect self-recorded data, a smartphone application called Timetracker was developed as part of this thesis. The Timetracker allows study respondents to record data in real time with the help of illustrations. Recording data in real time reduces recall bias, and using pictures ensures that participants with low literacy can use the application. In its current form, the Timetracker can be used to collect data on time-use and nutrition. Collecting reliable data on time-use and nutrition is key for various strands of research. For example, time-use data are needed to calculate labor productivity and analyze how productivity is affected by new technologies. Time-use data can also help reveal gender-based power relations and asymmetries by pointing out unpaid domestic work. Similarly, nutritional data are crucial for various academic fields and debates. For example, nutritional data are needed to explore the factors determining food and nutrition security, to study how farm diversity affects consumption diversity and to monitor food and nutrition policies and programs. This study is based on three main chapters, which reflect the main objectives of the whole thesis: 1) to explore and test whether smartphone applications can be used to collect data from rural households in developing countries focusing on time-use and nutrition data, 2) to assess the accuracy of data collected with smartphone applications vis-à-vis recall-based data collection methods, and 3) to use the data to understand the effects of agricultural mechanization on the intrahousehold allocation of time-use within smallholder farming households in Zambia. The first two chapters have a primarily methodological focus. The last chapter is an empirical study. This thesis concludes that in addition to improving the accuracy of socioeconomic data collection, smartphone applications may open new research pathways, including through the opportunities provided by real-time data collection and by combining self-recorded data with sensor-recorded data, which may open interesting transdisciplinary research pathways. This thesis suggests that there is a large and still untapped potential for using smartphone applications to collect data on complex agricultural systems in the digital age.