Agricultural Engineering Research, Volume 12 (2006)

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    Energy Recovery of Animal Waste by Pyrolysis
    (2006) Beck, Jürgen; Schmalzbauer, Ralf; Jungbluth, Thomas
    Animal excrements contain a considerable amount of energy, which is additionally enlarged by adding litter ma- terial. Therefore dried animal manures are traditional fuels in numerous countries, where no firewood is available. The thermal utilization of animal waste could therefore be an interesting, cost-effective, and above all complete solu- tion for the excess manure. Simultaneously it serves to tap a new energy-yielding source, which has up to now been only incompletely utilized by anaerobic digestion for methane generation. To obtain the heating values of fae- ces, urine, litter substrates and solid manures for further alternative forms of utilization, extensive laboratory inves- tigations were conducted with adiabatic calorimetry. With the exception of urine the substrates showed on average net calorific values of about 20,000 kJ kg . The study was-1 completed by the evaluation of the net calorific values of the pyrolysis products from the laboratory pyrolysis plant at the Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management of Stuttgart University.
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    Adaptability of milking clusters to different udder formations in different milking systems
    (2006) Rose, Sandra; Brunsch, Reiner; Schröter, Knut; Huschke, Wolfram; Klimetschek, Hans-Jörg
    One important reason for udder damage may be the milk- ing equipment, especially wrong positioning of the milk- ing unit, leading to the teats being pulled by different forces. For this reason the German Agricultural Society has developed a test machine, making it possible to meas- ure four forces at the teats. To examine the influence of the resulting forces caused by different udder formations and differences between the milking systems, two udder formations were tested using different makes of automatic milking systems (AMS) and conventional milking systems (CMS). Wrong positioning of teat cups was ascertained in both systems. In CMS this was influenced mainly by the type of milking parlour and the type of support arms, and in AMS mainly by single tube guiding.