Forschungsbericht Agrartechnik des Fachausschusses Forschung und Lehre der Max-Eyth-Gesellschaft Agrartechnik im VDI (VDI-MEG)

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Analyse der Maschinenkosten mittels automatisierter und manueller Maschinendokumentation im ackerbaulichen Produktionsprozess
(2023) Lattke, Justus; Böttinger, Stefan
“Smart Farming”, “Agriculture 4.0” and the “Internet of Things” are terms set to define the future of global agriculture. Many studies predict that these new technologies will have more impact on agricultural productivity than the “Green Revolution” of the 1970s. Upstream and downstream agricultural suppliers claim that their products and services will benefit farmers and their businesses. In this study, several farm management software programs were tested for their capacity to add value to the cropping division of a large and diversified farm. The evaluation showed that a farm management software program based on automatic collection of machinery cost data, gave more precise and timely information than a process relying on manual data collection. This conclusion was arrived at by calculating total cropping equipment costs over a full season using two cost accounting methods – an adaptable planned cost calculation and a process cost calculation – and comparing the results from the automatic and the manual collection of data. To determine the most suitable method and to select the various software programs to evaluate, various trade fairs and companies were visited, and websites searched. The most promising software programs were then tested for functionality and ease of use at the Horsch farm, “Agrovation”. It turned out difficult to establish an incentive system for employees to use the new technologies. For this reason, the farm machines at Agrargesellschaft Pfiffelbach were equipped with the 365FarmNet application without employee registration. The entire production period of crops harvested in 2018 was included. Both automatic and manual data collection took place from August 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. To evaluate the quality of the two methods of data acquisition, the actual hours worked were compared with the hours recorded according to the type of cost collection.
Einfluss der Hangneigung auf die Leistungsfähigkeit von Reinigungsanlagen im Mähdrescher
(2011) Fliege, Lars; Böttinger, Stefan
The performance of a combine harvester is determined by the maximum throughput at acceptable grain losses. At optimum throughput, the cleaning system reacts very sensitively to variations of the gradient, whereby the influence of lateral inclination is much higher than the influence of longitudinal inclination. The grain losses increase when the inclination of the cleaning unit is suboptimal. The performance of the combine harvester is then determined by the performance of the cleaning devices. Combine harvesters with hillside levelling systems solve that problem with their special chassis. Independent of the gradient these chassis hold the complete combine in a level position. Other hillside adapted cleaning systems are less effective and reach their limits already at medium gradients. The presented paper analyses the influence of gradients up to 15% on the performance of cleaning units with lateral hillside modulation. For this purpose several combines of equal type of construction have been analysed in different crops using large-scale parcel tests. The deployed measurement instrumentation corresponds to the series-production status of the combine harvesters. Various testing conditions and systematic errors make the handling of the collected data very complex. However, it enables the evaluation of the measurement characteristics of different sensors at variable gradient. The results, between the several test combines, indicate specific differences, caused by disparities in the level of development of the individual machines. Previous analyses of the influence of hillside are limited to throughputs of at most 4.8 kg/s per meter cleaning width. The tested combines achieved more than 9.4 kg/s per meter cleaning width in large-scale parcel tests. This result is a combine specific throughput of more than 55 t/h. The results display a possible triplication of cleaning losses in different throughput ranges between 15 t/h and 55 t/h already at a lateral inclination of 10%. The influence of longitudinal inclination is marginal. The analysis of overlaid lateral and longitudinal inclination demonstrates the significant influence of lateral inclination compared to longitudinal inclination.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten elektrischer Antriebe für landwirtschaftliche Maschinenkombinationen
(2011) Hahn, Klaus; Böttinger, Stefan
Tractor-Implement-Systems are a vital component of agricultural mechanization. Their replacement by self propelled machines seems unlikely in the foreseeable future. At the same time, rising needs for food, high cost of energy, and a limited workforce require continuing increases in productivity. However, this should not have a negative impact on the environment. Technological progress is therefore of outstanding importance. Looking for trends in neighboring domains an increase in the utilization of electric drives can be observed. The research presented in this thesis shows that electric drives offer various benefits for agricultural tractors and implements ? the most important advantages being efficiency, controllability, and the possibility to distribute components. Yet, to fully utilize what electric drives have to offer it is necessary to pay close attention to system architecture as well as operator control concepts to make them work in the special environment of agricultural machinery. A concept was developed that is building on the ISOBUSidea of distributed control systems. For instance, the controller (i.e. the inverter) was placed on the tractor whereas the actuator (i.e. the motor) is on the implement. Given the frequent reconfiguration of the machines the inverter thus becomes a multi-purpose component. Easy, safe, comfortable, and profitable use is achieved by a high degree of standardization of the connector ? which includes automatic identification and configuration. Analytical models as well as prototype machinery of a fertilizer spreader, a sprayer, and a trailer with a propelled axle yielded a multitude of benefits. These include reduced fuel consumption for the spreader, less residual volume for the sprayer and better traction and vehicle dynamics for the propelled trailer. The good controllability of electric drives proved to be especially beneficial for those implements usually associated with precision farming: spreader and sprayer. Unproductive times for coupling and filling can be reduced. A propelled trailer helps to reduce soil compaction. The systems presented here are, however, in an early phase of development. The benefits of decoupling implement drivelines form the tractor?s engine speed could be proven. Due to their superior efficiency under partial loads electric drives are especially advantageous in applications that come with a wide range of loads. As far as complexity and ease of use are concerned, all three implements profited from the implementation of electric drives. In all cases safety and comfort of coupling the implement did increase. However, the systems are still limited both in functionality as well as level of automation. But given the good controllability, which is independent of most external influences, it is fair to assume that there is a high potential for improvements in this regard. When it comes to system control, a high degree of integration will be mandatory for the operator to fully utilize this increasing functionality. The required standardization is yet to be achieved. A mere substitution of a given drive by an electric drive is not always sensible. The use of electric drives necessitates a revision of rotational speed levels ? or more generally speaking ? of the working principle. It is vital to include the overload capability of electric drives into these considerations. The propelled trailer has a clear advantage in traction in the field whereas driving dynamics have a higher importance on the road. Whether it is a traction-assist or a drive that can be utilized over the entire speed range drives the power required and hence cost, weight, and space. In the end, this is an economical question but it may also be significantly influenced by legislation.
Energiebedarf von Traktoren und ausgewählten Anbaugeräten in der Außenwirtschaft landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe
(2024) Schwehn, Julian; Böttinger, Stefan
Vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels und hoher Ressourcenpreise ist der umsichtige Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden Energieträger von besonderer Bedeutung. Um die Folgen anthropogener Treibhausgasemissionen auf das Klima zu minimieren, sehen legislative Vorgaben in Europa und Deutschland ambitionierte Reduktionsziele für einzelne Sektoren wie die Landwirtschaft vor. Die heterogene Agrarstruktur erfordert standortgerechte Produktions und Arbeitsverfahren, was zu einer großen Vielfalt an eingesetzten Maschinen und Anbaugeräten führt. Neben der Untersuchung von Einsparpotentialen einzelner Fahrzeugkomponenten bieten landwirtschaftliche Verfahrensketten mögliche weitere Einsparungen. Die Erforschung dieser prozessualen Potentiale macht eine detaillierte Kenntnis der eingesetzten Maschinen und Anbaugeräte aus energetischer Sicht notwendig. Um die Einsparpotentiale innerhalb der Prozesse sowie der eingesetzten Technologien quantifizieren zu können, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Energiebedarf von Traktoren und ausgewählten Anbaugeräten ermittelt. Dazu wird nach der Einführung einzelner Maschinen und Anbaugeräte eine Metastudie verschiedener Testverfahren und Literaturquellen durchgeführt, um die vorhandene Datenbasis zu bewerten und Datenlücken aufzuzeigen. Soweit es die Datenbasis zulässt, werden der aktuelle Stand und eine Entwicklung seit 1990 dargestellt, um die bereits erzielten Einsparungen aufzuzeigen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt ein Vergleich sowie eine Evaluierung bestehender Modellansätze zur Berechnung des Energiebedarfs einzelner Maschinen und Anbaugeräte. Aus der Kenntnis vorhandener Datenlücken sowie der Güte aktueller Parametersätze können systematische Feldversuche für weiterführende Arbeiten abgeleitet werden.
Förderung und Entmischung auf dem Vorbereitungsboden des Mähdreschers
(2013) Timofeev, Andrey; Böttinger, Stefan
In the last years with the increasing performance of the combine harvester capacity, the performance of the cleaning system has been the limiting factor, because the capacity of the threshing drum and the separation elements by the use of additional separation drums and rotors is not a problem anymore. The performance of the cleaning system can be greatly increased, especially through intense pre- segregation, whereas grain losses remain at a relatively low level even at high particle rates of approximately of m˙ K = 5,5 kg/(s·m). Grain- and NKB (chaff and other plant residue) -throughput affect both the conveying speed and the segregation on the grain pan. The grain throughput has a particularly strong impact on the conveyor speed, when throw occurs in the conveying process (Frv > 1). Thereby the elastic properties of the crop layer (straw and chaff rack) damps very strong the introduced mechanical agitation. This decreases the conveying speed strongly. The segregation in turn affects positively the speed of transfer from the grain pan to the material. The separation takes place substantially in the last third of the grain pan.
Load based evaluation of machines using the example of a tractor
(2018) Balbach, Florian; Böttinger, Stefan
The estimation of tractor value requires a lot of experience and knowledge and relies mainly on to-tal operation hours and manufacturing year. Today each tractor operation hour is considered to be equal because tractor meters operate time based only and do not consider the varying loads. But tractors face multiple applications within a year. Each application puts different loads on each tractor assembly such as engine, gearbox, axles or power take-off. A more precise method is introduced to evaluate tractor operation hours on basis of real applica-tion loads of each tractor assembly within the drivetrain separately. The method relates accumulat-ed tractor loads to standard operation loads which are defined by a reference load spectrum for the specific assembly. For the load evaluation a pseudo damage calculation similar to the Miner’s rule is used. A test tractor was equipped with strain gauge sensors to measure torque flow within the drivetrain. A variety of different tractor applications were measured and load spectra for different assemblies were generated. Based on different tractor application profiles lifetime load spectra for the differ-ent assemblies can be calculated. Further consolidation of the individual load factors can be done by weighting of the assemblies. The resulting load factor brings transparent information about in-tensity of tractor usage. Results show big differences between the assemblies and between the different application profiles. This supports the demand for a new method for tractor evaluation
Nickschwingungsdämpfung und Radlastmanagement für Traktorgespanne mit Starrdeichselverbindung
(2016) Marx, Boris; Böttinger, Stefan
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